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Jimbaran Beach, Bali.
Jimbaran Beach, Bali.
Tourism in Indonesia is an important component of the Indonesian economy and an important source of foreign exchange revenues. With a vast archipelago of more than 17,000 islands,[1] the second longest shoreline in the world,[2] 300 different ethnic groups and 250 distinct languages,[3] and tropical climate throughout the year, nature and culture are two major components of Indonesian tourism.
Tourism in Indonesia is currently overseen by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism. International tourist campaigns have been focusing largely on tropical destination with white sand beaches and blue sky imageries. Beach resorts and hotels were developed in some Indonesia islands, with Bali island as the primary destination. Cultural tourism is also an important part of Indonesia tourism industry. Toraja, Prambanan and Borobudur temples, Yogyakarta and Minangkabau are popular destinations for cultural tourism, apart from many Hindu festivities in Bali. About 5 million foreign tourists have visited Indonesia annually since 2000.[4]
However, tourism development had sometimes clashed with local people, that has created criticism over Indonesia's tourism industry. Most of the disputes were related over land possession, local traditions (adat) and the impact of tourism development to the local people. In another area, tourism industry in Indonesia faces major threats. Since 2002, several warnings have been issued by some countries over terrorist threats and ethnic/religious conflicts in some areas, which significantly reduces the number of foreign visitors.
Statistics
Indonesian Tourism Statistics[4]
Year International visitors Average stay (days)
2000 5,064,217 12.26
2001 5,153,620 10.49
2002 5,033,400 9.79
2003 4,467,021 9.69
2004 5,321,165 9.47
2005 5,002,101 9.05
2006 4,871,351 9.09
2007 5,505,759 9.02
As with most countries, domestic tourists are by far the largest market segment. The biggest movement of domestic tourists is during the annual Eid ul-Fitr, locally known as "lebaran". During this period, which is a 2 week holiday after the month of Ramadan fasting, many city-dwelling Muslim Indonesians visit relatives in their home towns. Intercity traffic is at its peak and often an additional surcharge is applied during this time.
Over the 5 years up to 2006, attention has been focused on generating more domestic tourism. Competition amongst budget airlines has increased the number of domestic air travellers throughout the country. Recently, the Ministry of Labour legislated to create long weekends by combining public holidays that fall close to weekends, except in the case of important religious holidays. During these long weekends, most hotels in popular destinations are fully booked.
Since 2000, there have been, on average, 5 million foreign tourists each year, who spend an average of US$ 100 per day (see table). With an average visit duration of 9-12 days, Indonesia gains US$ 4.6 billion of foreign exchange income annually.[4] This makes tourism Indonesia's third most important non-oil/gas source of foreign revenue, after timber and textile products.[1]
Three quarters of Indonesia's visitors come from the Asia Pacific region, with Singapore, Malaysia, Australia, Japan and South Korea among the top five markets. The United Kingdom, France, Germany and the Netherlands are the largest sources of European visitors.[5] Although Dutch visitors are at least in part keen to explore the historical relationships, many European visitors are seeking the tropical weather at the beaches in Bali.
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Minggu, 15 Juni 2008
Historical context
During the colonial era, tourism was regulated carefully by the government administration of the Dutch East Indies, with international tourists encouraged to travel in groups, and to visit the more significant 'landmark' destinations of Java, Bali and Sumatra. Much of the international tourism of the 1920s and 1930s was by international visitors on oceanic cruises. The 1930s did see a modest but significant influx of mainly European tourists and longer term stayers to Bali. Many came for the blossoming arts scene in the Ubud area, which was as much a two-way exchange between the Balinese and outsiders as it was an internal phenomenon.[6]
The Rhino was the mascot of Visit Indonesia year, 1992
The Rhino was the mascot of Visit Indonesia year, 1992
Tourism more or less disappeared during World War II, and in the early years of the Sukarno era. National pride and identity in the late 1950s and early 1960s was incorporated in the monumentalism of Sukarno in Jakarta - and this included the development of international standard hotels. The political and economic instability of the mid-1960s saw tourism decline radically again. Bali, and in particular the small village of Kuta, was however, in the 1960s, an important stop over on the overland hippy trail between Australia and Europe, and a "secret" untouched surf spot.[7] In the early to mid 1970s high standard hotels and tourist facilities began to appear in Jakarta and Bali, and from this period to the end of the Suharto era, governmental manipulation of the tourism industry included an array of policies and developments to encourage increasing numbers of international tourists to both visit Indonesia and stay longer.
Sometimes tourism development clashed with local people, particularly in Bali. In 1994, an open demonstration against the new Tanah Lot development project were held and simply halted by military intervention. In 1997, mounting anger of local people reached boiling point over a strip of a beach in front of the Bali Beach Hotel.[8]
There were a number of years that were declared 'Visit Indonesia Year' - with different themes. In a number of cases, where international events interfered, some years in the "Visit Indonesia" decade were considerable disasters. Considerable cynicism on the part of some poor local communities in Java led to the appearance of graffiti on water tanks and abandoned buildings proclaiming "obyek wisata", in reference to local government authorities enthusiasm to attract interest to locations with very limited interest to international tourists who tended to tread the well-worn path between the larger, and in some cases, over-promoted "tourism objects" as they were called. With the advent of the internet and the enthusiasm for promotional websites, tourism in the twenty first century has seen the style of street vendors in busy tourist locations of the past extend to website creators - cluttered, chaotic and of varying quality. Somehow Visit Indonesia Year 2008 is planned, and on works[9].
* This page was last modified on 8 June 2008, at 15:42.
* All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. (See Copyrights for details.)
Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a U.S. registered 501(c)(3) tax-deductible nonprofit charity.
* Privacy policy
* About Wikipedia
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The Rhino was the mascot of Visit Indonesia year, 1992
The Rhino was the mascot of Visit Indonesia year, 1992
Tourism more or less disappeared during World War II, and in the early years of the Sukarno era. National pride and identity in the late 1950s and early 1960s was incorporated in the monumentalism of Sukarno in Jakarta - and this included the development of international standard hotels. The political and economic instability of the mid-1960s saw tourism decline radically again. Bali, and in particular the small village of Kuta, was however, in the 1960s, an important stop over on the overland hippy trail between Australia and Europe, and a "secret" untouched surf spot.[7] In the early to mid 1970s high standard hotels and tourist facilities began to appear in Jakarta and Bali, and from this period to the end of the Suharto era, governmental manipulation of the tourism industry included an array of policies and developments to encourage increasing numbers of international tourists to both visit Indonesia and stay longer.
Sometimes tourism development clashed with local people, particularly in Bali. In 1994, an open demonstration against the new Tanah Lot development project were held and simply halted by military intervention. In 1997, mounting anger of local people reached boiling point over a strip of a beach in front of the Bali Beach Hotel.[8]
There were a number of years that were declared 'Visit Indonesia Year' - with different themes. In a number of cases, where international events interfered, some years in the "Visit Indonesia" decade were considerable disasters. Considerable cynicism on the part of some poor local communities in Java led to the appearance of graffiti on water tanks and abandoned buildings proclaiming "obyek wisata", in reference to local government authorities enthusiasm to attract interest to locations with very limited interest to international tourists who tended to tread the well-worn path between the larger, and in some cases, over-promoted "tourism objects" as they were called. With the advent of the internet and the enthusiasm for promotional websites, tourism in the twenty first century has seen the style of street vendors in busy tourist locations of the past extend to website creators - cluttered, chaotic and of varying quality. Somehow Visit Indonesia Year 2008 is planned, and on works[9].
* This page was last modified on 8 June 2008, at 15:42.
* All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. (See Copyrights for details.)
Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a U.S. registered 501(c)(3) tax-deductible nonprofit charity.
* Privacy policy
* About Wikipedia
* Disclaimers
Tourists attractions
Nature tourism
The beach at Gili Meno with Lombok in the distant background
The beach at Gili Meno with Lombok in the distant background
Indonesia has well-preserved natural ecosystem such as rainforests that stretch over about 57% of Indonesia's land (225 million acres) and about 2% of them are mangrove.[10][11] One reason why the natural ecosystem in Indonesia is still well-preserved is because only 6,000 islands out of 17,000 are permanently inhabited.[12] Forests on Sumatra and Java are examples of popular tourists destinations. Moreover, Indonesia has one of longest coastlines in the world, measuring 54,716 km,[13] with a number of beaches and island resorts, such as those in southern Bali, Lombok, Bintan and Nias Island.[14] However, most of the well-preserved beaches are those in more isolated and less developed areas such as Karimunjawa, the Togian Islands, and the Banda Islands.
Dive sites
With more than 17,000 islands, Indonesia presents ample diving opportunities. Bunaken at the northern tip of Sulawesi, claims to have seven times more genera of coral than Hawaii, and has more than 70% of all the known fish species of the Indo-Western Pacific.[15] Moreover, there are over 3,500 species living in Indonesian waters, including sharks, dolphins, manta rays, turtles, morays, cuttlefish, octopus and scorpionfish, compared to 1,500 on the Great Barrier Reef and 600 in the Red Sea.[16] Tulamben Bay in Bali boasts the wreck of a 120 meter (400 foot) US Army commissioned transport vessel, the USAT Liberty Glo.[17] Beside Bunaken and Bali, Lombok, with three Gilis (Gili Air, Gili Meno and Gili Trawangan), Thousand Islands and Bangka are some of the most popular diving sites in Indonesia.
Surf breaks
Surfing is also a popular water activities in Indonesia and the sites are recognised as world class sites.[18] The well-known spots are mostly located on the southern, Indian Ocean side of Indonesia, for example, large oceanic surf breaks on southern Java. However, the north coast does not receive the same surf from the Java Sea. Surf breaks can be found all the way along Sumatra, down to Nusa Tenggara, including Aceh, Bali, Banten, Java, Lombok, Mentawai Islands, and Sumbawa. On Bali, there are about 33 surf spots, from West Bali to East Bali. Sumatra is the second island with the most number of surf spots, with 18 spots. The common time for surfing is around May to September with the trade winds blowing from east to south-east. From October to April, winds tend to come from the west to north-west, so east coast breaks get the offshore winds.
Two well-known surf breaks in Indonesia are the G-Land in the Bay of Grajagan, East Java and Lagundri Bay at the southern end of Nias island. G-Land was first identified in 1972 when a surfer saw the break from the window of a plane. Since 6 to 8 foot (Hawaiian scale) waves were discovered by surfers at Lagundri Bay in 1975 the island has become famous for surfing worldwide.
National parks
Main article: List of national parks of Indonesia
Lesser bird of paradise
Lesser bird of paradise
Komodo Dragon
Komodo Dragon
The biggest national park in Indonesia is the 9,500 square kilometre Gunung Leuser National Park in the north of Sumatra island.[19] Together with Kerinci Seblat National Park and Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park, the total 25,000 square kilometres of national parks in Sumatra, named Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra, has been added to the UNESCO World Heritage list. Other national parks on the list are Lorentz National Park in Papua, Komodo National Park in the Lesser Sunda Islands and Ujung Kulon National Park in the west of Java.
To be noticed, different national parks offer different biodiversity, as natural habitat in Indonesia is divided into two areas by the Wallace line. The Wallacea biogeographical distinction means the western part of Indonesia (Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan) have the same flora and fauna characteristics as the Asian continent, whilst the remaining eastern part of Indonesia has similarity with the Australian continent.
Many native species such as Sumatran elephants, Sumatran tigers, Sumatran rhinoceros, Javan rhinoceros and Orangutans are listed as endangered or critically endangered, and the remaining populations are found in national parks and other conservation areas. Orangutans can be visited in the Bukit Lawang conservation area. The world’s largest flower, rafflesia arnoldi, and the tallest flower, titan arum, can be found in Sumatra.
The east side of the Wallacea line offers the most remarkable, rarest, and exotic animals on earth.[20] Birds of Paradise, locally known as cenderawaish, are plumed birds that can be found among other fauna in Papua New Guinea. The largest bird in Papua is the flightless cassowary. One species of lizard, the Komodo Dragon can easily be found on Komodo, located in the Nusa Tenggara lesser islands region. Besides Komodo island, this endangered species can also be found on the islands of Rintja, Padar and Flores.[21]
Volcanoes
Mount Bromo
Mount Bromo
Hiking and camping in the mountains are popular adventure activities. Some mountains contain ridge rivers, offering rafting activity. Though volcanic mountains can be dangerous, they have become major tourist destinations. Popular active volcanoes are the 2,329 m high Mount Bromo in the East Java province with its little desert, the upturned boat shaped Tangkuban Perahu on the outskirts of Bandung, the most active volcano in Java, Mount Merapi and the legendary Krakatau with its new caldera known as anak krakatau (the child of Krakatau). Puncak Jaya in the Lorentz National Park, the highest mountain in Indonesia and the only mountain with ice caps, offers the opportunity of rock climbing. In Sumatra, there are the remains of a supervolcano eruption that have created the landscape of Lake Toba close to Medan in North Sumatra.
Cultural tourism
Main article: Culture of Indonesia
Borobudur temple in Central Java
Borobudur temple in Central Java
Indonesia consists of at least 300 ethnic groups, spread over a 1.8 million km² area of 6,000 inhabited islands.[1] This creates a cultural diversity, further compounded by Hindu, Buddhist, Islamic and European colonialist influences.
From the 3rd century until the 13th century, Hinduism and Buddhism shaped the culture of Indonesia. The best-preserved Buddhist shrine, which was built during the Sailendra dynasty in the 8th century, is Borobudur temple in Central Java. A few kilometers to the southeast is the Prambanan complex, a Hindu temple built during the second Mataram dynasty. Both the Borobudur and the Prambanan temple compounds have been listed in the UNESCO World Heritage list since 1991. In Bali, where most Hindus live, cultural festivals are major attractions to foreign tourists.
Islam has also contributed greatly to the cultural society in Indonesia. As of 2006, about 88% of Indonesians are Muslim.[22] Islamic culture is prominent in Sumatra, and a few of the remaining sultanate palaces can be seen in Medan and Pekanbaru.
Despite foreign influences, a diverse array of indigenous traditional cultures is still evident in Indonesia. The indigenous ethnic group of Toraja in South Sulawesi, which still has strong animistic beliefs, offers a unique cultural tradition, especially during funeral rituals. The Minangkabau ethic group retain a unique matrilineal culture, despite being devoted Muslims. Other indigenous ethnic groups include the Asmat and Dani in Papua, Dayak in Kalimantan and Mentawai in Sumatra, where traditional rituals are still observed.
A discussion of cultural tourism is not complete without a mention of Yogyakarta, a special province in Indonesia known as centre of classical Javanese fine art and culture.[23] The rise and fall of Buddhist, Hindu, and Islamic kingdoms in Central Java has transformed Yogyakarta into a melting pot of Indonesian culture.
Metropolitan tourism
Jakarta in the morning
Jakarta in the morning
Metropolitan tourism activities are shopping, sightseeing in big cities and enjoying modern amusement parks. The nation's capital, Jakarta, offers many places for shopping. Mal Kelapa Gading (the biggest one with 130,000 m²), Plaza Senayan, Senayan City, Grand Indonesia, EX, and Plaza Indonesia are some of the malls in the city. Another popular tourist activity is golfing, a favorite sport among the upper classes Indonesian and also foreigners. Some notable golf courses in Jakarta are Cengkareng Golf Club, located in the airport complex, and Pondok Indah Golf and Country Club. Bali has many shopping centers, for instance, the Kuta shopping center and the Galeria Nusa Dua. Nightlife of Indonesia is also popular among foreigners, especially in the big cities like Jakarta, Bandung, Surabaya and Denpasar.[24]
* This page was last modified on 8 June 2008, at 15:42.
* All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. (See Copyrights for details.)
Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a U.S. registered 501(c)(3) tax-deductible nonprofit charity.
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The beach at Gili Meno with Lombok in the distant background
The beach at Gili Meno with Lombok in the distant background
Indonesia has well-preserved natural ecosystem such as rainforests that stretch over about 57% of Indonesia's land (225 million acres) and about 2% of them are mangrove.[10][11] One reason why the natural ecosystem in Indonesia is still well-preserved is because only 6,000 islands out of 17,000 are permanently inhabited.[12] Forests on Sumatra and Java are examples of popular tourists destinations. Moreover, Indonesia has one of longest coastlines in the world, measuring 54,716 km,[13] with a number of beaches and island resorts, such as those in southern Bali, Lombok, Bintan and Nias Island.[14] However, most of the well-preserved beaches are those in more isolated and less developed areas such as Karimunjawa, the Togian Islands, and the Banda Islands.
Dive sites
With more than 17,000 islands, Indonesia presents ample diving opportunities. Bunaken at the northern tip of Sulawesi, claims to have seven times more genera of coral than Hawaii, and has more than 70% of all the known fish species of the Indo-Western Pacific.[15] Moreover, there are over 3,500 species living in Indonesian waters, including sharks, dolphins, manta rays, turtles, morays, cuttlefish, octopus and scorpionfish, compared to 1,500 on the Great Barrier Reef and 600 in the Red Sea.[16] Tulamben Bay in Bali boasts the wreck of a 120 meter (400 foot) US Army commissioned transport vessel, the USAT Liberty Glo.[17] Beside Bunaken and Bali, Lombok, with three Gilis (Gili Air, Gili Meno and Gili Trawangan), Thousand Islands and Bangka are some of the most popular diving sites in Indonesia.
Surf breaks
Surfing is also a popular water activities in Indonesia and the sites are recognised as world class sites.[18] The well-known spots are mostly located on the southern, Indian Ocean side of Indonesia, for example, large oceanic surf breaks on southern Java. However, the north coast does not receive the same surf from the Java Sea. Surf breaks can be found all the way along Sumatra, down to Nusa Tenggara, including Aceh, Bali, Banten, Java, Lombok, Mentawai Islands, and Sumbawa. On Bali, there are about 33 surf spots, from West Bali to East Bali. Sumatra is the second island with the most number of surf spots, with 18 spots. The common time for surfing is around May to September with the trade winds blowing from east to south-east. From October to April, winds tend to come from the west to north-west, so east coast breaks get the offshore winds.
Two well-known surf breaks in Indonesia are the G-Land in the Bay of Grajagan, East Java and Lagundri Bay at the southern end of Nias island. G-Land was first identified in 1972 when a surfer saw the break from the window of a plane. Since 6 to 8 foot (Hawaiian scale) waves were discovered by surfers at Lagundri Bay in 1975 the island has become famous for surfing worldwide.
National parks
Main article: List of national parks of Indonesia
Lesser bird of paradise
Lesser bird of paradise
Komodo Dragon
Komodo Dragon
The biggest national park in Indonesia is the 9,500 square kilometre Gunung Leuser National Park in the north of Sumatra island.[19] Together with Kerinci Seblat National Park and Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park, the total 25,000 square kilometres of national parks in Sumatra, named Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra, has been added to the UNESCO World Heritage list. Other national parks on the list are Lorentz National Park in Papua, Komodo National Park in the Lesser Sunda Islands and Ujung Kulon National Park in the west of Java.
To be noticed, different national parks offer different biodiversity, as natural habitat in Indonesia is divided into two areas by the Wallace line. The Wallacea biogeographical distinction means the western part of Indonesia (Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan) have the same flora and fauna characteristics as the Asian continent, whilst the remaining eastern part of Indonesia has similarity with the Australian continent.
Many native species such as Sumatran elephants, Sumatran tigers, Sumatran rhinoceros, Javan rhinoceros and Orangutans are listed as endangered or critically endangered, and the remaining populations are found in national parks and other conservation areas. Orangutans can be visited in the Bukit Lawang conservation area. The world’s largest flower, rafflesia arnoldi, and the tallest flower, titan arum, can be found in Sumatra.
The east side of the Wallacea line offers the most remarkable, rarest, and exotic animals on earth.[20] Birds of Paradise, locally known as cenderawaish, are plumed birds that can be found among other fauna in Papua New Guinea. The largest bird in Papua is the flightless cassowary. One species of lizard, the Komodo Dragon can easily be found on Komodo, located in the Nusa Tenggara lesser islands region. Besides Komodo island, this endangered species can also be found on the islands of Rintja, Padar and Flores.[21]
Volcanoes
Mount Bromo
Mount Bromo
Hiking and camping in the mountains are popular adventure activities. Some mountains contain ridge rivers, offering rafting activity. Though volcanic mountains can be dangerous, they have become major tourist destinations. Popular active volcanoes are the 2,329 m high Mount Bromo in the East Java province with its little desert, the upturned boat shaped Tangkuban Perahu on the outskirts of Bandung, the most active volcano in Java, Mount Merapi and the legendary Krakatau with its new caldera known as anak krakatau (the child of Krakatau). Puncak Jaya in the Lorentz National Park, the highest mountain in Indonesia and the only mountain with ice caps, offers the opportunity of rock climbing. In Sumatra, there are the remains of a supervolcano eruption that have created the landscape of Lake Toba close to Medan in North Sumatra.
Cultural tourism
Main article: Culture of Indonesia
Borobudur temple in Central Java
Borobudur temple in Central Java
Indonesia consists of at least 300 ethnic groups, spread over a 1.8 million km² area of 6,000 inhabited islands.[1] This creates a cultural diversity, further compounded by Hindu, Buddhist, Islamic and European colonialist influences.
From the 3rd century until the 13th century, Hinduism and Buddhism shaped the culture of Indonesia. The best-preserved Buddhist shrine, which was built during the Sailendra dynasty in the 8th century, is Borobudur temple in Central Java. A few kilometers to the southeast is the Prambanan complex, a Hindu temple built during the second Mataram dynasty. Both the Borobudur and the Prambanan temple compounds have been listed in the UNESCO World Heritage list since 1991. In Bali, where most Hindus live, cultural festivals are major attractions to foreign tourists.
Islam has also contributed greatly to the cultural society in Indonesia. As of 2006, about 88% of Indonesians are Muslim.[22] Islamic culture is prominent in Sumatra, and a few of the remaining sultanate palaces can be seen in Medan and Pekanbaru.
Despite foreign influences, a diverse array of indigenous traditional cultures is still evident in Indonesia. The indigenous ethnic group of Toraja in South Sulawesi, which still has strong animistic beliefs, offers a unique cultural tradition, especially during funeral rituals. The Minangkabau ethic group retain a unique matrilineal culture, despite being devoted Muslims. Other indigenous ethnic groups include the Asmat and Dani in Papua, Dayak in Kalimantan and Mentawai in Sumatra, where traditional rituals are still observed.
A discussion of cultural tourism is not complete without a mention of Yogyakarta, a special province in Indonesia known as centre of classical Javanese fine art and culture.[23] The rise and fall of Buddhist, Hindu, and Islamic kingdoms in Central Java has transformed Yogyakarta into a melting pot of Indonesian culture.
Metropolitan tourism
Jakarta in the morning
Jakarta in the morning
Metropolitan tourism activities are shopping, sightseeing in big cities and enjoying modern amusement parks. The nation's capital, Jakarta, offers many places for shopping. Mal Kelapa Gading (the biggest one with 130,000 m²), Plaza Senayan, Senayan City, Grand Indonesia, EX, and Plaza Indonesia are some of the malls in the city. Another popular tourist activity is golfing, a favorite sport among the upper classes Indonesian and also foreigners. Some notable golf courses in Jakarta are Cengkareng Golf Club, located in the airport complex, and Pondok Indah Golf and Country Club. Bali has many shopping centers, for instance, the Kuta shopping center and the Galeria Nusa Dua. Nightlife of Indonesia is also popular among foreigners, especially in the big cities like Jakarta, Bandung, Surabaya and Denpasar.[24]
* This page was last modified on 8 June 2008, at 15:42.
* All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. (See Copyrights for details.)
Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a U.S. registered 501(c)(3) tax-deductible nonprofit charity.
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Food in Indonesia
Main article: Cuisine of Indonesia
The variety of cultures in Indonesia is reflected in the wide range of foods in the nation. Since the 15th century, many European traders have visited the archipelago to buy different kinds of spices, including pepper and mace. In modern times, many cultures and countries have influenced the cuisine of Indonesia, such as Western culture and Asian culture. Many claim that this diversity has resulted in one of the most distinctive cuisines in the world.[25]
The main principle of almost all Indonesian food is halal.[26] Rice is Indonesia's most important staple food. Most Indonesians eat rice twice a day, at lunch and dinner. The rice is usually served with a side dish, such as chicken, meats and vegetables. Although the meals are generally simple, the plentiful use of various roots, spices, grasses, and leaves adds flavour to most dishes.[25] An Indonesian meal will often be accompanied by various condiments at the table, including sambal and kecap. Other main meals, such as potato, noodles, soybeans and wheat are common. The most common method for preparing food is frying, though grilling, simmering, steaming and stewing are also used.
Indonesian cuisine is also influenced by Western culture. The most obvious example is the presence of fast food companies in Indonesia, such as McDonald's, KFC and Pizza Hut.
To popularise the food of Indonesia, food related events were created, such as a food festival called "Enak-Enak", runs from August 15 to August 31, 2006.[27]
* This page was last modified on 8 June 2008, at 15:42.
* All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. (See Copyrights for details.)
Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a U.S. registered 501(c)(3) tax-deductible nonprofit charity.
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The variety of cultures in Indonesia is reflected in the wide range of foods in the nation. Since the 15th century, many European traders have visited the archipelago to buy different kinds of spices, including pepper and mace. In modern times, many cultures and countries have influenced the cuisine of Indonesia, such as Western culture and Asian culture. Many claim that this diversity has resulted in one of the most distinctive cuisines in the world.[25]
The main principle of almost all Indonesian food is halal.[26] Rice is Indonesia's most important staple food. Most Indonesians eat rice twice a day, at lunch and dinner. The rice is usually served with a side dish, such as chicken, meats and vegetables. Although the meals are generally simple, the plentiful use of various roots, spices, grasses, and leaves adds flavour to most dishes.[25] An Indonesian meal will often be accompanied by various condiments at the table, including sambal and kecap. Other main meals, such as potato, noodles, soybeans and wheat are common. The most common method for preparing food is frying, though grilling, simmering, steaming and stewing are also used.
Indonesian cuisine is also influenced by Western culture. The most obvious example is the presence of fast food companies in Indonesia, such as McDonald's, KFC and Pizza Hut.
To popularise the food of Indonesia, food related events were created, such as a food festival called "Enak-Enak", runs from August 15 to August 31, 2006.[27]
* This page was last modified on 8 June 2008, at 15:42.
* All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. (See Copyrights for details.)
Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a U.S. registered 501(c)(3) tax-deductible nonprofit charity.
* Privacy policy
* About Wikipedia
* Disclaimers
International tourist arrivals
International airports
Main article: List of airports in Indonesia
Each of the larger Indonesian islands, have at least one international airport. The biggest airport in Indonesia, Soekarno-Hatta International Airport, is located in Tangerang Regency, Banten. There are four more international airports on Java, Adisumarmo International Airport in Solo, Central Java, Juanda International Airport in Surabaya, East Java, Achmad Yani International Airport in Semarang, Central Java and Adisucipto International Airport in Yogyakarta. On Kalimantan there is one international airport and there are two on Sumatra. Bali, which is part of the Nusa Tenggara Islands, has the Ngurah Rai International Airport.
Visa regulations
Tourists from Brunei, Chile, Hong Kong, Macau, Malaysia, Morocco, Peru, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam can enter Indonesia without a visa.[28] Citizens of these countries will be issued on arrival a permit for a 30 day stay upon presentation of a valid passport with at least six months to run. This stay permit cannot be extended or converted to another type of visa.
On February 1, 2004, Indonesia introduced unpopular and tighter tourist visa regulations. Although tourist visas were formerly free and valid for 60 days, visitors from certain countries must now purchase one of two visas on arrival: a $15USD visa valid for 10 days or a $25USD visa valid for 30 days. This was heavily protested by the tourist industry who point out that this cost adds up for families and 30 days is a very limited time to travel in Indonesia with a number of remote and hard to reach locations.[citation needed] The countries now subject to these tighter regulations include Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, South Africa, South Korea, Switzerland, Taiwan, United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom and the United States.[29][30] On July 14, 2004, the Indonesian tourism ministry granted permission for more coutries to be included on the VOA list, including Iran,Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Belgium, Spain, Portugal, Russia, Egypt, Austria, Ireland, Qatar and Luxembourg.[29] The visa on arrival cannot be extended or converted into any other kind of visa. The visa holder also has to leave the country on the 30th day of the stay.
Visit Indonesia Year 2008
The Indonesian Ministry of Culture and Tourism, has declared 2008 as a Visit Indonesia Year[31]. Visit Indonesia Year 2008 has officially launched on 26 December 2007[32]
Visit Indonesia logo
Visit Indonesia logo
The figure of Visit Indonesia Year 2008 branding took the concept of Garuda Pancasila as the Indonesian way of life, but it was performed by perfectly modern approach. The 5 norms draw by 5 different colored lines and symbolized the Indonesian Unity in Diversity. This logo brand formulated into dynamic figure and colors as the implementation of Indonesian Dynamic which is developing. The types of letters of logo brand is driven from the Indonesian elements which perfectly by modern approach.
The targeted tourists are 7 millions. Visit Indonesia Year 2008 is also commemorating 100 years of Indonesia's national awakening in 1908
Threats to the tourism industry
Travel Warnings
Australia[33] 2006-08-21 All Indonesia Terrorist threats
UK[34] 2006-08-21 All Indonesia Terrorist threats
Maluku,
Central Sulawesi, Aceh Regional conflicts
The 2002 Bali bombing was a major blow to the tourism industry in Indonesia. A series of travel warnings were issued by a number of countries. Subsequently, the rate of tourism in Bali decreased by 31%.[35] Subsequently, a bombing continued occurred each year—the 2003 Marriott Hotel bombing, the 2004 Australian Embassy bombing in Jakarta, and a second bombing in Bali—which worsened the situation for the tourism industry. As of May 2008, no major terrorist attack has occurred since 2005 and the United States Government lifted its warning against travel to Indonesia.[36] In 2006, 227,000 Australians visited Indonesia and in 2007 this rose to 314,000.[36]
An outbreak of bird flu throughout the country has affected the numbers of foreign visitors. As of 2006, the outbreak had killed at least 46 people since 2005, making Indonesia the country with the highest death-toll from the recent epidemic.[37] However, since the disease has not yet been proven to mutate into a form that can transfer from human to human, the U.S. embassy, for example, has not yet issued a travel warning regarding the outbreak.[38]
Another major threat to the tourism industry are sectarian and separatist conflicts in Indonesia. Papua is still affected by Papuan separatism, while Maluku and Central Sulawesi have suffered in recent years from serious sectarian conflicts. Conversely, decades of separatism-related violence in Aceh ended in 2005 with the signing of a peace agreement between the Indonesia Government and the Free Aceh Movement.[39]
Recently in 2008, US government had lifted their travel warning on Indonesia.[40]
Guide books
Guide books and travel accounts with details of the country and people have had a long history - some books from the 1800s and early 1900s being classics with description of places that were perceived as things to see. Both private authors and government publications (such as the 1920s Come to Java books produced in Batavia by the government tourist bureau of the time) have been made each decade through to present. There were restrictions to tourism in the second world war and the mid to late 1960s - other than those two periods - travel accounts and guide books have been produced regularly. James Rush's and Adrian Vickers' texts mentioned below are excellent introductions to the range of writing that has been created.
The most popular Guide book on Indonesia in English in the 1980s was Bill Dalton's Indonesia Handbook, while from the 1990s and since Lonely Planet's edition Indonesia (Guidebook) has gone to its eighth edition in 2007. Many other guide books have also been produced - in English and other languages.
* This page was last modified on 8 June 2008, at 15:42.
* All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. (See Copyrights for details.)
Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a U.S. registered 501(c)(3) tax-deductible nonprofit charity.
* Privacy policy
* About Wikipedia
* Disclaimers
Main article: List of airports in Indonesia
Each of the larger Indonesian islands, have at least one international airport. The biggest airport in Indonesia, Soekarno-Hatta International Airport, is located in Tangerang Regency, Banten. There are four more international airports on Java, Adisumarmo International Airport in Solo, Central Java, Juanda International Airport in Surabaya, East Java, Achmad Yani International Airport in Semarang, Central Java and Adisucipto International Airport in Yogyakarta. On Kalimantan there is one international airport and there are two on Sumatra. Bali, which is part of the Nusa Tenggara Islands, has the Ngurah Rai International Airport.
Visa regulations
Tourists from Brunei, Chile, Hong Kong, Macau, Malaysia, Morocco, Peru, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam can enter Indonesia without a visa.[28] Citizens of these countries will be issued on arrival a permit for a 30 day stay upon presentation of a valid passport with at least six months to run. This stay permit cannot be extended or converted to another type of visa.
On February 1, 2004, Indonesia introduced unpopular and tighter tourist visa regulations. Although tourist visas were formerly free and valid for 60 days, visitors from certain countries must now purchase one of two visas on arrival: a $15USD visa valid for 10 days or a $25USD visa valid for 30 days. This was heavily protested by the tourist industry who point out that this cost adds up for families and 30 days is a very limited time to travel in Indonesia with a number of remote and hard to reach locations.[citation needed] The countries now subject to these tighter regulations include Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, South Africa, South Korea, Switzerland, Taiwan, United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom and the United States.[29][30] On July 14, 2004, the Indonesian tourism ministry granted permission for more coutries to be included on the VOA list, including Iran,Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Belgium, Spain, Portugal, Russia, Egypt, Austria, Ireland, Qatar and Luxembourg.[29] The visa on arrival cannot be extended or converted into any other kind of visa. The visa holder also has to leave the country on the 30th day of the stay.
Visit Indonesia Year 2008
The Indonesian Ministry of Culture and Tourism, has declared 2008 as a Visit Indonesia Year[31]. Visit Indonesia Year 2008 has officially launched on 26 December 2007[32]
Visit Indonesia logo
Visit Indonesia logo
The figure of Visit Indonesia Year 2008 branding took the concept of Garuda Pancasila as the Indonesian way of life, but it was performed by perfectly modern approach. The 5 norms draw by 5 different colored lines and symbolized the Indonesian Unity in Diversity. This logo brand formulated into dynamic figure and colors as the implementation of Indonesian Dynamic which is developing. The types of letters of logo brand is driven from the Indonesian elements which perfectly by modern approach.
The targeted tourists are 7 millions. Visit Indonesia Year 2008 is also commemorating 100 years of Indonesia's national awakening in 1908
Threats to the tourism industry
Travel Warnings
Australia[33] 2006-08-21 All Indonesia Terrorist threats
UK[34] 2006-08-21 All Indonesia Terrorist threats
Maluku,
Central Sulawesi, Aceh Regional conflicts
The 2002 Bali bombing was a major blow to the tourism industry in Indonesia. A series of travel warnings were issued by a number of countries. Subsequently, the rate of tourism in Bali decreased by 31%.[35] Subsequently, a bombing continued occurred each year—the 2003 Marriott Hotel bombing, the 2004 Australian Embassy bombing in Jakarta, and a second bombing in Bali—which worsened the situation for the tourism industry. As of May 2008, no major terrorist attack has occurred since 2005 and the United States Government lifted its warning against travel to Indonesia.[36] In 2006, 227,000 Australians visited Indonesia and in 2007 this rose to 314,000.[36]
An outbreak of bird flu throughout the country has affected the numbers of foreign visitors. As of 2006, the outbreak had killed at least 46 people since 2005, making Indonesia the country with the highest death-toll from the recent epidemic.[37] However, since the disease has not yet been proven to mutate into a form that can transfer from human to human, the U.S. embassy, for example, has not yet issued a travel warning regarding the outbreak.[38]
Another major threat to the tourism industry are sectarian and separatist conflicts in Indonesia. Papua is still affected by Papuan separatism, while Maluku and Central Sulawesi have suffered in recent years from serious sectarian conflicts. Conversely, decades of separatism-related violence in Aceh ended in 2005 with the signing of a peace agreement between the Indonesia Government and the Free Aceh Movement.[39]
Recently in 2008, US government had lifted their travel warning on Indonesia.[40]
Guide books
Guide books and travel accounts with details of the country and people have had a long history - some books from the 1800s and early 1900s being classics with description of places that were perceived as things to see. Both private authors and government publications (such as the 1920s Come to Java books produced in Batavia by the government tourist bureau of the time) have been made each decade through to present. There were restrictions to tourism in the second world war and the mid to late 1960s - other than those two periods - travel accounts and guide books have been produced regularly. James Rush's and Adrian Vickers' texts mentioned below are excellent introductions to the range of writing that has been created.
The most popular Guide book on Indonesia in English in the 1980s was Bill Dalton's Indonesia Handbook, while from the 1990s and since Lonely Planet's edition Indonesia (Guidebook) has gone to its eighth edition in 2007. Many other guide books have also been produced - in English and other languages.
* This page was last modified on 8 June 2008, at 15:42.
* All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. (See Copyrights for details.)
Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a U.S. registered 501(c)(3) tax-deductible nonprofit charity.
* Privacy policy
* About Wikipedia
* Disclaimers
Tourism Picking Up in Yogyakarta After the Earthquake
Yogyakarta, Indonesia is a battered town, inhabited by weary citizens, that have been battling the elements since the beginning of the year. Earlier in May, the international media became alarmed when Mount Merapi, one of Indonesia’s two most active volcanoes, began showing signs of active seismic activities which could lead to an eruption. Then, when all eyes are focused on Merapi, a 6.2 Richter scale earthquake struck the region of Bantul, in the early morning of May 27 2006. A popular tourist spot, Bantul is located about 25 km south of the historic city of Yogyakarta.
The international media soon rushed to report on the devastation and the loss of nearly 6000 lives. Aid organizations from neighboring countries made their way to provide the first aid assistance, with tasks ranging from saving human lives to ensuring that the survivors receive basic necessities such as food and shelter.
When the dust settled, Yogyakarta, one of the main tourist destinations in Indonesia, faced the uncertainty that follows a terrible tragedy. Several major hotel properties and tourist attractions had to be closed down for repair. Tourists adopt a wait and see attitude, reluctant to make their way to this embattled city. Yogyakarta certainly has a tough time ahead in welcoming back visitors and working on reassuring them of their safety and security.
Misconceptions About the Earthquake
Even before the earthquake, many visitors were apprehensive about visiting Yogyakarta due to the rumblings of Mount Merapi. They were concerned with the close proximity of the city to the volcano that lies only 20 miles south of the city. They remained adamant with their views even when the authority gave reassurance that the city would not be in any danger in the event of an eruption. There was also talk of tsunamis, earthquakes and other disasters occurring in tandem with the eruption.
When the earthquake struck, it was not surprising when many people came to the conclusion that it was due to the volcanic activities of Mount Merapi. Scientists have since confirmed that the earthquake was a completely separate event, caused by the steady movement of tectonic plates between Australia and India, and a completely normal, if badly timed natural occurrence in tectonically-active Indonesia.
The earthquake destroyed and damaged several towns and countless villages around the province, though most of the major devastation was centered on the Bantul region itself. Fatalities were estimated at around 6,000 with over 20,000 injured and nearly 200,000 made homeless. Further away, the damage became progressively lighter with minor structural fracture and non-fatal injuries.
Effects of the Earthquake in Yogyakarta
That’s not to say that the effects of the earthquake weren’t felt in Yogyakarta. On the day of the quake itself, thousands of residents and tourists were forced to abandon their homes and accommodation by the sheer strength of the tremors . A number of buildings in the city were damaged, though only a few areas were seriously affected. Among the tourist attractions affected were Prawirotaman, a street popular for souvenirs and handicrafts shops, which was reduced to little more than collapsed piles of rubble, and the Kraton, or the Sultan’s Palace, which suffered cracks in its walls and is now temporarily closed for repairs.
In other parts of the city however, the only visible damage was fallen roof tiles and cracked walls. Most of the major attractions were spared from any significant damage - Kota Gede, a silver handicrafts centre, is still open as usual, while Malioboro Street, another popular souvenir-hunting area, is practically unscathed. Perhaps most heartening of all is that many of the ancient temples and monuments surrounding Yogyakarta, such as Borobudur and Ratu Boko, are completely undisturbed, remaining as always a testament to the ingenuity and skills of their builders.
In addition, just three weeks after the quake, many of the hotels, restaurants and other businesses are already back in operation. In the weeks after the earthquake, most hotels reported occupancy rates of up to 70%, indicating that many of their guests had chosen to continue with their plans to visit Yogyakarta. Many of the tourist attractions such as Kraton or the Water Palace are also undergoing extensive repair and should open for visitors as usual within the next few months. Indeed, the citizens of this beautiful, historical city is adamant that life should return to normal and unless one visits the worst-affected areas, it is quite difficult to imagine that not that long ago, Yogyakarta was hit by a devastating earthquake.
Helping Yogyakarta in the Aftermath
Even though Yogyakarta has escaped major damage from the earthquake, the Ministry of Culture and Tourism is understandably concerned with any drop in tourism arrival to the city as the tourism industry accounts for almost 20% of the province’s income. One of the immediate action taken was the setting up of a Java Crisis – Tourism Media Centre on 28 May 2006, the day after the earthquake. Its main task was to assist in the rescue and aid of any affected tourists in the vicinity. Its secondary role is to ensure that the necessary steps are being taken to ensure that Yogyakarta would soon return to its status as Indonesia’s main cultural destination and heartland of the Javanese culture. The Centre also has a website (www.javacrisismediacenter.com) which keeps track of the ongoing repair work of the city’s tourist attractions and information on which hotels are in operation and their occupancy rates, making it an invaluable resource center for visitors to Yogyakarta.
Book Yogyakarta Hotels here
Article Information
This article was written by A.H. Anuar and was published on 21 June 2006. This article is free for personal and commercial reproduction, with the following terms and conditions.
www.google.com
The international media soon rushed to report on the devastation and the loss of nearly 6000 lives. Aid organizations from neighboring countries made their way to provide the first aid assistance, with tasks ranging from saving human lives to ensuring that the survivors receive basic necessities such as food and shelter.
When the dust settled, Yogyakarta, one of the main tourist destinations in Indonesia, faced the uncertainty that follows a terrible tragedy. Several major hotel properties and tourist attractions had to be closed down for repair. Tourists adopt a wait and see attitude, reluctant to make their way to this embattled city. Yogyakarta certainly has a tough time ahead in welcoming back visitors and working on reassuring them of their safety and security.
Misconceptions About the Earthquake
Even before the earthquake, many visitors were apprehensive about visiting Yogyakarta due to the rumblings of Mount Merapi. They were concerned with the close proximity of the city to the volcano that lies only 20 miles south of the city. They remained adamant with their views even when the authority gave reassurance that the city would not be in any danger in the event of an eruption. There was also talk of tsunamis, earthquakes and other disasters occurring in tandem with the eruption.
When the earthquake struck, it was not surprising when many people came to the conclusion that it was due to the volcanic activities of Mount Merapi. Scientists have since confirmed that the earthquake was a completely separate event, caused by the steady movement of tectonic plates between Australia and India, and a completely normal, if badly timed natural occurrence in tectonically-active Indonesia.
The earthquake destroyed and damaged several towns and countless villages around the province, though most of the major devastation was centered on the Bantul region itself. Fatalities were estimated at around 6,000 with over 20,000 injured and nearly 200,000 made homeless. Further away, the damage became progressively lighter with minor structural fracture and non-fatal injuries.
Effects of the Earthquake in Yogyakarta
That’s not to say that the effects of the earthquake weren’t felt in Yogyakarta. On the day of the quake itself, thousands of residents and tourists were forced to abandon their homes and accommodation by the sheer strength of the tremors . A number of buildings in the city were damaged, though only a few areas were seriously affected. Among the tourist attractions affected were Prawirotaman, a street popular for souvenirs and handicrafts shops, which was reduced to little more than collapsed piles of rubble, and the Kraton, or the Sultan’s Palace, which suffered cracks in its walls and is now temporarily closed for repairs.
In other parts of the city however, the only visible damage was fallen roof tiles and cracked walls. Most of the major attractions were spared from any significant damage - Kota Gede, a silver handicrafts centre, is still open as usual, while Malioboro Street, another popular souvenir-hunting area, is practically unscathed. Perhaps most heartening of all is that many of the ancient temples and monuments surrounding Yogyakarta, such as Borobudur and Ratu Boko, are completely undisturbed, remaining as always a testament to the ingenuity and skills of their builders.
In addition, just three weeks after the quake, many of the hotels, restaurants and other businesses are already back in operation. In the weeks after the earthquake, most hotels reported occupancy rates of up to 70%, indicating that many of their guests had chosen to continue with their plans to visit Yogyakarta. Many of the tourist attractions such as Kraton or the Water Palace are also undergoing extensive repair and should open for visitors as usual within the next few months. Indeed, the citizens of this beautiful, historical city is adamant that life should return to normal and unless one visits the worst-affected areas, it is quite difficult to imagine that not that long ago, Yogyakarta was hit by a devastating earthquake.
Helping Yogyakarta in the Aftermath
Even though Yogyakarta has escaped major damage from the earthquake, the Ministry of Culture and Tourism is understandably concerned with any drop in tourism arrival to the city as the tourism industry accounts for almost 20% of the province’s income. One of the immediate action taken was the setting up of a Java Crisis – Tourism Media Centre on 28 May 2006, the day after the earthquake. Its main task was to assist in the rescue and aid of any affected tourists in the vicinity. Its secondary role is to ensure that the necessary steps are being taken to ensure that Yogyakarta would soon return to its status as Indonesia’s main cultural destination and heartland of the Javanese culture. The Centre also has a website (www.javacrisismediacenter.com) which keeps track of the ongoing repair work of the city’s tourist attractions and information on which hotels are in operation and their occupancy rates, making it an invaluable resource center for visitors to Yogyakarta.
Book Yogyakarta Hotels here
Article Information
This article was written by A.H. Anuar and was published on 21 June 2006. This article is free for personal and commercial reproduction, with the following terms and conditions.
www.google.com
TWO SIDES OF TOURISM PLANNING
Tourism planning has evolved from two related but
distinct sets of planning philosophies and methods. On
the one hand, tourism is one of many activities in an
area that must be considered as part of physical,
environmental, social, and economic planning. Therefore,
it is common to find tourism addressed, at least
partially, in a regional land use, transportation,
recreation, economic development, or comprehensive plan.
The degree to which tourism is addressed in such plans
depends upon the relative importance of tourism to the
community or region and how sensitive the planning
authority is to tourism activities.
Tourism may also be viewed as a business in which a
community or region chooses to engage. Individual tourism
businesses conduct a variety of planning activities
including feasibility, marketing, product development,
promotion, forecasting, and strategic planning. If
tourism is a significant component of an area's economy
or development plans, regional or community-wide
marketing plans are needed to coordinate the development
and marketing activities of different tourism interests
in the community.
A comprehensive approach integrates a strategic marketing
plan with more traditional public planning activities.
This ensures a balance between serving the needs and
wants of the tourists versus the needs and wants of local
residents. A formal tourism plan provides a vehicle for
the various interests within a community to coordinate
their activities and work toward common goals. It also is
a means of coordinating tourism with other community
activities.
STEPS IN THE PLANNING PROCESS
Like any planning, tourism planning is goal-oriented,
striving to achieve certain objectives by matching
available resources and programs with the needs and wants
of people. Comprehensive planning requires a systematic
approach, usually involving a series of steps. The
process is best viewed as an iterative and on-going one,
with each step subject to modification and refinement at
any stage of the planning process.
There are six steps in the planning process:
1. Define goals and objectives.
2. Identify the tourism system.
a) Resources
b) Organizations
c) Markets
3. Generate alternatives.
4. Evaluate alternatives.
5. Select and implement.
6. Monitor and evaluate.
STEP ONE: Defining Goals and objectives. Obtaining clear
statements of goals and objectives is difficult, but
important. Ideally, tourism development goals should flow
from more general community goals and objectives. It is
important to understand how a tourism plan serves these
broader purposes. Is the community seeking a broader tax
base, increased employment opportunities, expanded
recreation facilities, better educational programs, a
higher quality of life? How can tourism contribute to
these objectives?
If tourism is identified as a means of serving broader
community goals, it makes sense to develop plans with
more specific tourism development objectives. These are
generally defined through a continuing process in which
various groups and organizations in a community work
together toward common goals. A local planning authority,
chamber of commerce, visitors bureau, or similar group
should assume a leadership role to develop an initial
plan and obtain broad involvement of tourism interests in
the community. Public support for the planning process
and plan is also important.
Having a good understanding of tourism and the tourism
system in your community is the first step toward
defining goals and objectives for tourism development.
The types of goals that are appropriate and the precision
with which you are able to define them will depend upon
how long your community has been involved in tourism and
tourism planning.
In the early stages of tourism development, goals may
involve establishing organizational structures and
collecting information to better identify the tourism
system in the community. Later, more precise objectives
can be formulated and more specific development and
marketing strategies evaluated.
STEP TWO: Identifying Your Tourism System
When planning for any type of activity, it is important
to first define its scope and characteristics. Be clear
about exactly what your plan encompasses. A good initial
question is, "What do you mean by tourism?" Tourism is
defined in many ways. Generally, tourism involves people
traveling outside of their community for pleasure.
Definitions differ on the specifics of how far people
must travel, whether or not they must stay overnight, for
how long, and what exactly is included under traveling
for "pleasure". Do you want your tourism plan to include
day visitors, conventioneers, business travelers, people
visiting friends and relatives, people passing through,
or seasonal residents?
Which community resources and organizations serve
tourists or could serve tourists? Generally, tourists
share community resources with local residents and
businesses. Many organizations serve both tourists and
locals. This complicates tourism planning and argues for
a clear idea of what your tourism plan entails.
You can begin to clarify the tourism system by breaking
it down into three subsystems:
(1) tourism resources,
(2) tourism organizations, and
(3) tourism markets.
An initial task in developing a tourism plan is to
identify, inventory, and classify the objects within each
of these subsystems.
TOURISM RESOURCES are any (1) natural, (2) cultural, (3)
human, or (4) capital resources that either are used or
can be used to attract or serve tourists. A tourism
resource inventory identifies and classifies the
resources available that provide opportunities for
tourism development. Conduct an objective and realistic
assessment of the quality and quantity of resources you
have to work with. Table I provides a suggested
classification to help obtain a broad and organized
picture of your tourism resources.
TOURISM ORGANIZATIONS combine resources in various
proportions to provide products and services for the
tourist. Table 2 is a partial list and classification of
organizations that manage or coordinate tourism-related
activities. It is important to recognize the diverse
array of public and private organizations involved with
tourism. The most difficult part of tourism planning is
to get these groups to work toward common goals. You
should develop a list of these organizations within your
own community and obtain their input and cooperation in
your tourism planning efforts. Setting up appropriate
communication systems and institutional arrangements is a
key part of community tourism planning. (See Extension
bulletin E-1958 in this series)
www.google.com
distinct sets of planning philosophies and methods. On
the one hand, tourism is one of many activities in an
area that must be considered as part of physical,
environmental, social, and economic planning. Therefore,
it is common to find tourism addressed, at least
partially, in a regional land use, transportation,
recreation, economic development, or comprehensive plan.
The degree to which tourism is addressed in such plans
depends upon the relative importance of tourism to the
community or region and how sensitive the planning
authority is to tourism activities.
Tourism may also be viewed as a business in which a
community or region chooses to engage. Individual tourism
businesses conduct a variety of planning activities
including feasibility, marketing, product development,
promotion, forecasting, and strategic planning. If
tourism is a significant component of an area's economy
or development plans, regional or community-wide
marketing plans are needed to coordinate the development
and marketing activities of different tourism interests
in the community.
A comprehensive approach integrates a strategic marketing
plan with more traditional public planning activities.
This ensures a balance between serving the needs and
wants of the tourists versus the needs and wants of local
residents. A formal tourism plan provides a vehicle for
the various interests within a community to coordinate
their activities and work toward common goals. It also is
a means of coordinating tourism with other community
activities.
STEPS IN THE PLANNING PROCESS
Like any planning, tourism planning is goal-oriented,
striving to achieve certain objectives by matching
available resources and programs with the needs and wants
of people. Comprehensive planning requires a systematic
approach, usually involving a series of steps. The
process is best viewed as an iterative and on-going one,
with each step subject to modification and refinement at
any stage of the planning process.
There are six steps in the planning process:
1. Define goals and objectives.
2. Identify the tourism system.
a) Resources
b) Organizations
c) Markets
3. Generate alternatives.
4. Evaluate alternatives.
5. Select and implement.
6. Monitor and evaluate.
STEP ONE: Defining Goals and objectives. Obtaining clear
statements of goals and objectives is difficult, but
important. Ideally, tourism development goals should flow
from more general community goals and objectives. It is
important to understand how a tourism plan serves these
broader purposes. Is the community seeking a broader tax
base, increased employment opportunities, expanded
recreation facilities, better educational programs, a
higher quality of life? How can tourism contribute to
these objectives?
If tourism is identified as a means of serving broader
community goals, it makes sense to develop plans with
more specific tourism development objectives. These are
generally defined through a continuing process in which
various groups and organizations in a community work
together toward common goals. A local planning authority,
chamber of commerce, visitors bureau, or similar group
should assume a leadership role to develop an initial
plan and obtain broad involvement of tourism interests in
the community. Public support for the planning process
and plan is also important.
Having a good understanding of tourism and the tourism
system in your community is the first step toward
defining goals and objectives for tourism development.
The types of goals that are appropriate and the precision
with which you are able to define them will depend upon
how long your community has been involved in tourism and
tourism planning.
In the early stages of tourism development, goals may
involve establishing organizational structures and
collecting information to better identify the tourism
system in the community. Later, more precise objectives
can be formulated and more specific development and
marketing strategies evaluated.
STEP TWO: Identifying Your Tourism System
When planning for any type of activity, it is important
to first define its scope and characteristics. Be clear
about exactly what your plan encompasses. A good initial
question is, "What do you mean by tourism?" Tourism is
defined in many ways. Generally, tourism involves people
traveling outside of their community for pleasure.
Definitions differ on the specifics of how far people
must travel, whether or not they must stay overnight, for
how long, and what exactly is included under traveling
for "pleasure". Do you want your tourism plan to include
day visitors, conventioneers, business travelers, people
visiting friends and relatives, people passing through,
or seasonal residents?
Which community resources and organizations serve
tourists or could serve tourists? Generally, tourists
share community resources with local residents and
businesses. Many organizations serve both tourists and
locals. This complicates tourism planning and argues for
a clear idea of what your tourism plan entails.
You can begin to clarify the tourism system by breaking
it down into three subsystems:
(1) tourism resources,
(2) tourism organizations, and
(3) tourism markets.
An initial task in developing a tourism plan is to
identify, inventory, and classify the objects within each
of these subsystems.
TOURISM RESOURCES are any (1) natural, (2) cultural, (3)
human, or (4) capital resources that either are used or
can be used to attract or serve tourists. A tourism
resource inventory identifies and classifies the
resources available that provide opportunities for
tourism development. Conduct an objective and realistic
assessment of the quality and quantity of resources you
have to work with. Table I provides a suggested
classification to help obtain a broad and organized
picture of your tourism resources.
TOURISM ORGANIZATIONS combine resources in various
proportions to provide products and services for the
tourist. Table 2 is a partial list and classification of
organizations that manage or coordinate tourism-related
activities. It is important to recognize the diverse
array of public and private organizations involved with
tourism. The most difficult part of tourism planning is
to get these groups to work toward common goals. You
should develop a list of these organizations within your
own community and obtain their input and cooperation in
your tourism planning efforts. Setting up appropriate
communication systems and institutional arrangements is a
key part of community tourism planning. (See Extension
bulletin E-1958 in this series)
www.google.com
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